NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following statements about incidence is false?

Does not include unit of time. ***Does not include unit of time*** - This statement is false because **incidence** is defined as the number of **new cases** of a disease over a specific period of time in a population at risk. - Therefore, it inherently includes a **unit of time** (e.g., per year, per month), making this option incorrect as a characteristic of incidence. *It is a rate* - **Incidence is a rate** because it quantifies the speed at which new cases of a disease occur within a population. - It expresses the number of new events (cases) per unit of population at risk over a specified time period. *Numerator includes new cases* - The **numerator of incidence** specifically counts the number of **new cases** of a disease that develop during a defined observation period. - This distinguishes it from prevalence, which includes all existing cases. *Denominator includes population at risk* - The **denominator for incidence** comprises the **population at risk** of developing the disease during the observation period. - Individuals who already have the disease or are immune are typically excluded from the denominator.

Q: What is the iron requirement for a normal menstruating adult female?

15 mg/day. ***15 mg/day*** - The recommended daily iron intake for a normal menstruating adult female was **15 mg/day** according to guidelines at the time of this examination (NEET-2013). - This higher requirement compared to males and post-menopausal women is due to **iron loss in menstrual blood**, averaging approximately **0.5-1 mg/day** additional iron loss. - **Note:** Current guidelines recommend **18 mg/day** (US RDA) or **21 mg/day** (ICMR, India), but this question reflects the 2013 standard. *20 mg/day* - This amount is **higher than the typical recommendation** for healthy menstruating women without significant pathology. - While some women with heavier menstrual bleeding might require this, it's not the baseline requirement for normal menstruation. *30 mg/day* - This intake level is typically recommended for **pregnant women** in the second and third trimesters or individuals with **diagnosed iron deficiency anemia** requiring therapeutic supplementation. - It is significantly more than the daily requirement for a healthy menstruating female. *35 mg/day* - This is an **excessively high** daily iron intake for a healthy menstruating female. - Such high doses are usually prescribed for **severe iron deficiency anemia** or specific medical conditions under supervision. - Chronic intake at this level without medical indication could potentially lead to adverse effects.

Q: Which of the following is a stomach poison?

Paris green. ***Paris green*** * **Paris green** (copper(II) acetoarsenite) is primarily used as a **stomach poison** for insects, meaning it needs to be ingested to be effective. * It is a **highly toxic inorganic compound** that disrupts cellular respiration. * *DDT* * **DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)** is a **contact poison** and neurotoxin, primarily absorbed through the insect's cuticle. * It primarily affects the insects' **nervous system**, causing uncontrolled firing of neurons. * *Malathion* * **Malathion** is an **organophosphate insecticide** that acts as a **contact and stomach poison**, but its primary mode of action is through contact and fumigant effects. * It inhibits **acetylcholinesterase**, leading to paralysis and death in insects. * *Pyrethrum* * **Pyrethrum** is a natural insecticide derived from **chrysanthemum flowers** that acts primarily as a **contact poison** and repellent. * It causes **rapid knockdown** of insects by affecting their nervous system, though many insects may recover if not exposed to high enough doses.

Q: Which of the following is classified as a third generation Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)?

Mirena. ***Mirena*** - Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) is a **third-generation IUCD** that releases **progestin**, offering both contraceptive and therapeutic benefits. - Its mechanism of action involves **thickening cervical mucus**, thinning the uterine lining, and inhibiting sperm motility/viability. *Nova-T* - Nova-T is a **second-generation IUCD** that uses **copper** as its active contraceptive agent. - Copper IUCDs like Nova-T primarily work by causing a **sterile inflammatory reaction** in the uterus, making it spermicidal. *Lippe's loop* - Lippe's loop is a **first-generation IUCD** made of inert plastic, designed to **physically block** fertilization. - It is no longer widely used due to higher rates of expulsion and complications compared to newer generations. *CuT-200* - CuT-200 is a **second-generation IUCD** that releases **copper** to prevent pregnancy. - It works by producing a **local inflammatory response** in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and eggs.

Q: What does Gettler's test detect?

Chloride content of blood in drowning. ***Chloride content of blood in drowning*** - Gettler's test is a classical forensic test used to determine whether a death occurred by **drowning** in fresh or saltwater. - It specifically measures the **difference in chloride concentrations** between the left and right sides of the heart; the principle being that water entering the lungs during drowning will alter electrolyte balance, especially chloride, in the blood of the left ventricle relative to the right. *Diatoms in drowning* - The presence of **diatoms** (microscopic algae) in tissues and organs is another indicator of drowning, but it is detected through specific microscopic examination and not Gettler's test. - Diatom testing aims to prove that the deceased was alive and breathing in the water, allowing the inhalation of diatoms into the systemic circulation. *Weight in drowning* - **Weight** measurements are not directly related to Gettler's test or used as a primary diagnostic tool for drowning itself. - While fluid absorption may slightly increase body weight, it's not a reliable or specific indicator. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because Gettler's test specifically targets the **chloride content of blood** in potential drowning cases. - The test leverages the physiological changes in electrolyte distribution that occur when a person aspirates water.

Q: What is the time limit for exhumation in India?

No specific time limit. ***No specific time limit*** - In India, there is **no specific legal time limit** for exhumation; it is subject to the discretion of a magistrate or judicial authority. - Exhumation is ordered if there is a **reasonable suspicion or compelling grounds** to believe that an examination of the remains will provide crucial evidence for a criminal investigation. *One month* - This is **incorrect** as there is no such restrictive time frame for exhumation in Indian law. - Exhumations are ordered based on the investigative needs, not arbitrary short deadlines. *One year* - This time limit is **not stipulated** in Indian legal provisions for exhumation. - The decision to exhume is made on a case-by-case basis, considering factors like the preservation status of the body and the potential evidentiary value. *Ten years* - There is **no fixed legal period** like ten years limiting exhumations in India. - The decaying state of a body over an extended period might reduce its forensic value, but technically, exhumation can still be ordered if deemed necessary for justice.

Q: Which traditional method is considered most reliable for personal identification in forensic science?

Galton method. ***Galton method*** - The **Galton method**, which refers to **fingerprint analysis**, is considered a highly reliable traditional method for personal identification due to the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints. - No two individuals, even identical twins, have been found to have the exact same **fingerprint patterns**, making it a robust identifier. *Gustafson's method* - **Gustafson's method** is a technique used for **age estimation based on dental changes**, not for definitive personal identification. - While it provides an estimate of age, it cannot uniquely identify an individual. *DNA profiling* - **DNA profiling** is indeed the most reliable method for personal identification in modern forensic science, but it is not considered a "traditional" method. - The question specifically asks for a **traditional method**, distinguishing it from newer genetic techniques. *Anthropometry* - **Anthropometry** involves the measurement of the **human body and its parts**, often used for classification or to establish demographic profiles. - It is not reliable for unique personal identification as many individuals share similar physical measurements.

Q: What component is included in the vaccine against N-meningitidis?

Capsular polysaccharide (polysaccharide vaccine). ***Capsular polysaccharide (polysaccharide vaccine)*** - *Neisseria meningitidis* vaccines commonly include **capsular polysaccharides** from different serogroups (A, C, Y, W-135) to elicit a protective immune response. - These polysaccharides act as antigens, stimulating the production of **antibodies** that can neutralize the bacteria. - **Conjugate vaccines** combine polysaccharides with carrier proteins to improve immunogenicity, especially in infants and young children. *Killed whole-cell vaccine* - **Killed whole-cell vaccines** are not used for *N. meningitidis* due to potential reactogenicity and the availability of more effective targeted antigens. - **Polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines** are the established formulations for meningococcal disease prevention. *Outer membrane protein (OMP)* - **Outer membrane proteins (OMPs)** are specifically used in **serogroup B vaccines** (e.g., Bexsero, Trumenba) due to the poor immunogenicity of the serogroup B polysaccharide capsule. - However, for serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135, **capsular polysaccharide** remains the primary vaccine component. *Live attenuated vaccine* - **Live attenuated vaccines** are not used for *N. meningitidis* as they pose risks of reversion to virulence and are unnecessary given the effectiveness of polysaccharide-based vaccines. - Meningococcal vaccines rely on **subunit approaches** (polysaccharides, conjugates, OMPs) rather than live organisms.

Q: Darting motility which occurs in V.cholerae, also found in -

Campylobacter jejuni. ***Campylobacter jejuni*** - *Campylobacter jejuni* is well-known for its **rapid, corkscrew-like motility**, often described as **darting motility**, which is a key characteristic for its identification. - This characteristic movement is due to its **polar flagella** and helps the bacterium penetrate the intestinal mucosa. *Shigella* - *Shigella* species are notable for being **non-motile**, a crucial feature distinguishing them from other enterobacteriaceae. - Their lack of flagella and motility prevents them from exhibiting darting or any other form of self-propulsion. *Bacillus anthracis* - *Bacillus anthracis* is typically described as **non-motile** in its vegetative form. - While other *Bacillus* species can be motile, *B. anthracis* lacks the flagella necessary for darting motility. *Pneumococcus* - *Pneumococcus* (Streptococcus pneumoniae) is a **non-motile** bacterium. - It does not possess flagella and therefore cannot exhibit darting or any other type of active movement.

Q: Visual field monitoring is important before starting which of the following drugs for epilepsy treatment?

Vigabatrin. ***Vigabatrin*** - **Vigabatrin** is known to cause **irreversible concentric visual field constriction** (peripheral vision loss) due to retinal toxicity. - Regular **ophthalmological monitoring**, including **visual field testing**, is crucial before and during treatment to detect and manage this adverse effect early. *Topiramate* - Topiramate can cause **acute angle-closure glaucoma** and **myopia**, which affect vision, but regular visual field monitoring is not a primary requirement for this specific side effect. - Its main concerns often relate to cognitive side effects and kidney stones, rather than progressive visual field loss requiring baseline and ongoing field testing. *Valproic acid* - Valproic acid is not typically associated with specific visual field defects requiring routine monitoring. - Its major side effects often involve **hepatotoxicity**, **pancreatitis**, and **teratogenicity**. *Carbamazepine* - Carbamazepine's notable side effects include **aplastic anemia**, **hyponatremia**, and **Stevens-Johnson syndrome**. - While it can cause some ocular side effects like **diplopia** or **nystagmus**, it does not typically lead to the progressive and irreversible visual field constriction seen with vigabatrin, which necessitates strict monitoring.

Question 1

Which of the following statements about incidence is false?

Accepted Answer

Does not include unit of time

Answer

It is a rate

Answer

Numerator includes new cases

Answer

Denominator includes population at risk

Question 2

What is the iron requirement for a normal menstruating adult female?

Accepted Answer

15 mg/day

Answer

30 mg/day

Answer

35 mg/day

Answer

20 mg/day

Question 3

Which of the following is a stomach poison?

Accepted Answer

Paris green

Answer

DDT

Answer

Malathion

Answer

Pyrethrum

Question 4

Which of the following is classified as a third generation Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)?

Accepted Answer

Mirena

Answer

Nova-T

Answer

Lippe's loop

Answer

CuT-200

Question 5

What does Gettler's test detect?

Accepted Answer

Chloride content of blood in drowning

Answer

Diatoms in drowning

Answer

Weight in drowning

Answer

None of the options

Question 6

What is the time limit for exhumation in India?

Accepted Answer

No specific time limit

Answer

One year

Answer

Ten years

Answer

One month

Question 7

Which traditional method is considered most reliable for personal identification in forensic science?

Accepted Answer

Galton method

Answer

Gustafson's method

Answer

Anthropometry

Answer

DNA profiling

Question 8

What component is included in the vaccine against N-meningitidis?

Accepted Answer

Capsular polysaccharide (polysaccharide vaccine)

Answer

Killed whole-cell vaccine

Answer

Outer membrane protein (OMP)

Answer

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 9

Darting motility which occurs in V.cholerae, also found in -

Accepted Answer

Campylobacter jejuni

Answer

Bacillus anthracis

Answer

Shigella

Answer

Pneumococcus

Question 10

Visual field monitoring is important before starting which of the following drugs for epilepsy treatment?

Accepted Answer

Vigabatrin

Answer

Topiramate

Answer

Valproic acid

Answer

Carbamazepine

NEET-PG 2013

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Pharmacology