NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: In the ESI programme, employers and employees in the organized sector contribute to the fund. What is the employer's contribution?

4.75%. ***4.75%*** - The **Employees' State Insurance (ESI) program** is an integrated social security scheme designed to protect workers in the organized sector. - As of 2019, the employer's contribution rate to the ESI fund is set at **4.75%** of the employee's gross wages, while the employee contributes 0.75%. *3.25%* - This percentage is **not the current employer contribution rate** for the ESI scheme; it is higher than the employee's contribution but less than the actual employer's share. - Prior to 2019, the employer's contribution was 4.75% and the employee's contribution was 1.75%, which sums up to 6.5%. The figures were revised on 13.06.2019 reducing the overall contribution from 6.5% to 4%. *2.75%* - This is not the current contribution rate for either the employer or the employee under the ESI program; it falls outside the established percentages. - The ESI scheme ensures compliance through fixed statutory contributions from both parties, which are not represented by this figure. *1.75%* - This was the **employee's contribution rate** to the ESI fund prior to the 2019 revision, not the employer's. - The current employee contribution rate is significantly lower at 0.75%.

Q: Which vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy?

Measles vaccine. ***Measles vaccine*** - The measles vaccine is a **live attenuated vaccine**, which carries a theoretical risk of causing infection in the fetus. - Live vaccines are generally **contraindicated during pregnancy** due to this potential risk of congenital infection. *Cholera vaccine* - The cholera vaccine is generally considered **safe during pregnancy** if indicated, especially for travel to endemic areas. - While administration in pregnancy should be based on risk-benefit, it is not consistently contraindicated like live vaccines. *Typhoid vaccine* - Both inactivated and live attenuated typhoid vaccines are available; the **inactivated (killed) vaccine** is generally preferred if vaccination is necessary during pregnancy. - The risks of the disease usually outweigh the vaccine risks, and it is not a universal contraindication. *Meningococcal vaccine* - **Meningococcal vaccines** are generally considered safe and can be administered during pregnancy if there is a significant risk of exposure or during outbreaks. - The benefits of maternal and potential fetal protection from meningococcal disease outweigh theoretical risks.

Q: Which of the following characteristics can be used to differentiate the rash of chickenpox from the rash of smallpox?

Pleomorphic. ***Pleomorphic*** - The rash of **chickenpox** is **pleomorphic**, meaning lesions at various stages of development (macules, papules, vesicles, scabs) are present simultaneously in the same body area. - In contrast, a **smallpox** rash is **monomorphic**, with all lesions in a given area appearing at the same stage of development. *Centrifugal* - A **centrifugal distribution** (lesions more concentrated on the face and extremities) is characteristic of **smallpox**. - **Chickenpox** typically has a **centripetal distribution**, with lesions more concentrated on the trunk. *Deep-seated* - **Smallpox** lesions are described as **deep-seated** and feel like "shot under the skin," often associated with significant scarring. - **Chickenpox** lesions are superficial and less likely to cause scarring unless secondarily infected. *Multilocular* - **Smallpox** vesicles and pustules are typically **multilocular**, meaning they have internal septations and do not collapse when punctured. - **Chickenpox** vesicles are unilocular, appearing as a single compartment, and collapse when punctured.

Q: Which of the following gases is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect?

All of the options. ***All of the options*** - All listed gases (CO2, Methane, and Sulfur hexafluoride) are recognized as significant **greenhouse gases**, contributing to the **greenhouse effect** and **climate change**. - While they differ in their **global warming potential** and atmospheric lifetimes, each plays a role in trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere. *CO2* - **Carbon dioxide** is a major greenhouse gas, primarily from the burning of **fossil fuels** and deforestation. - It is often considered the most significant contributor due to its high atmospheric concentration and long-term effects. *Methane* - **Methane** is a potent greenhouse gas, with a much higher **global warming potential** per molecule than CO2 over a shorter timescale. - Its sources include agricultural activities (livestock, rice cultivation), natural gas leaks, and landfills. *Sulfur hexafluoride* - **Sulfur hexafluoride** is a synthetic greenhouse gas with an extremely high **global warming potential** and a very long atmospheric lifetime. - Although its atmospheric concentration is lower than CO2 or methane, its potency makes it a significant contributor in specialized industrial applications.

Q: Which of the following statements about the Consumer Protection Act is NOT accurate or NOT specifically mentioned in the Act?

Consumer complaints are resolved within 3-6 months.. ***Consumer complaints are resolved within 3-6 months.*** - While the Act aims for **expeditious resolution**, it does not specify a rigid 3-6 month timeframe for consumer complaint resolution. - The actual time taken can vary significantly depending on the **complexity of the case** and the **caseload of the consumer forums**. *The Act was passed in 1986.* - The **Consumer Protection Act (COPRA)** in India was indeed enacted in the year **1986**. - This statement is factually accurate regarding the **historical context** of the Act. *ESI hospitals are specifically excluded.* - The **Supreme Court of India** has ruled that services provided by **Employment State Insurance (ESI) hospitals** and other government hospitals for free are generally excluded from the purview of the Consumer Protection Act. - This exclusion is based on the premise that these services are not rendered as part of a **"contract of service"** for consideration. *Consumers have the right to safety.* - The **Consumer Protection Act** explicitly grants consumers several rights, including the **right to be protected against marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property**. - This fundamental right ensures that consumers receive **safe products and services**.

Q: Which of the following statements about malaria transmission is correct?

Individuals harboring gametocytes can transmit malaria.. ***Individuals harboring gametocytes can transmit malaria.*** - **Gametocytes** are the sexual stage of the malaria parasite that circulate in the human bloodstream and are infectious to mosquitos. - When an *Anopheles* mosquito feeds on an infected human, it ingests these gametocytes, allowing the parasite's life cycle to continue in the mosquito vector, leading to transmission. *P. vivax always completely fills the infected RBC with schizonts.* - While *P. vivax* does infect **reticulocytes** (young RBCs) and can enlarge them, the **schizonts** typically occupy a significant portion but not always completely fill the host cell. - The infected RBCs are often enlarged to about 1.5 to 2 times their normal size and contain numerous **Schüffner's dots**. *Malaria can only be transmitted through blood transfusions.* - The primary mode of malaria transmission is through the bite of an **infected female *Anopheles* mosquito**. - While **blood transfusions** can transmit malaria, it is a less common and secondary route compared to vector-borne transmission. *All stages of P. falciparum are commonly seen in peripheral blood smears.* - In *P. falciparum* infections, only the **ring forms** and **gametocytes** are commonly observed in the peripheral blood smear. - The more mature asexual stages (trophozoites and schizonts) typically sequester in the capillaries of internal organs, where they are not readily visible in peripheral circulation.

Q: What is the infective form of Trypanosoma brucei?

Trypomastigote. ***Trypomastigote*** - The **trypomastigote** is the infective form of *Trypanosoma brucei* transmitted to humans by the **tsetse fly** bite. - In the human host, trypomastigotes multiply in the **blood and lymphatic system**, eventually invading the central nervous system. *Amastigote form* - The **amastigote** form is characteristic of *Trypanosoma cruzi* and *Leishmania* species, not *Trypanosoma brucei*. - **Amastigotes** are found intracellularly and lack a flagellum, responsible for replication within host cells for these other parasites. *Egg stage* - *Trypanosoma brucei* is a **protozoan parasite** and does not have an **egg stage** in its life cycle. - Egg stages are typical for helminths, such as **tapeworms** or **flukes**. *No infective form* - This statement is incorrect; **all parasitic organisms** must have an infective stage to be transmitted to their hosts. - The **trypomastigote** is specifically adapted for transmission and survival in the human host and vector.

Q: What is the mechanism of action of Abatacept?

Inhibitor of co-stimulation of T cells. ***Inhibitor of co-stimulation of T cells*** - Abatacept is a **fusion protein** that blocks the **CD28-CD80/86 co-stimulatory pathway**, which is crucial for full T-cell activation. - By binding to **CD80** and **CD86** on antigen-presenting cells, it prevents their interaction with **CD28** on T cells, thus inhibiting T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. *Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitor* - TNF alpha inhibitors (e.g., **adalimumab**, **infliximab**, **etanercept**) bind to and neutralize **TNF alpha**, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. - While used in similar conditions, their mechanism is distinct from Abatacept's T-cell co-stimulation blockade. *Monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor* - Drugs like **tocilizumab** target the **IL-6 receptor**, blocking the signaling of **IL-6**, another important inflammatory cytokine. - This mechanism primarily affects cytokine signaling rather than directly inhibiting T-cell activation in the same way as abatacept. *Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist* - **Anakinra** is an example of an **IL-1 receptor antagonist**, which competes with IL-1 for binding to its receptor, thereby blocking its pro-inflammatory effects. - This mechanism focuses on inhibiting the action of IL-1, unlike Abatacept's role in T-cell activation.

Q: All of the following are adverse effects of nicotinic acid except:

Pancreatitis. ***Pancreatitis*** - **Pancreatitis** is not a commonly reported adverse effect of nicotinic acid (niacin) therapy. - While other gastrointestinal side effects like nausea and vomiting can occur, pancreatic inflammation is not characteristic. *Vasodilation* - **Cutaneous flushing** and **vasodilation** are very common adverse effects of nicotinic acid, mediated by prostaglandin release. - This effect can cause a sensation of warmth, redness, and itching, especially at the start of therapy. *Liver dysfunction* - **Liver dysfunction**, including elevated liver enzymes and rare cases of **hepatotoxicity**, can occur with high doses of nicotinic acid. - Regular monitoring of liver function tests is recommended for patients on niacin therapy. *Hyperpigmentation* - **Hyperpigmentation**, particularly **acanthosis nigricans**, is a known cutaneous side effect of nicotinic acid. - This typically presents as dark, velvety patches on the skin, especially in skin fold areas.

Q: Which of the following is the most potent topical corticosteroid?

Clobetasol propionate. ***Clobetasol propionate*** - **Clobetasol propionate** is recognized as one of the most potent **Class I topical corticosteroids**, used for severe inflammatory skin conditions. - Its high potency allows for effective suppression of severe inflammation and pruritus, but also carries a greater risk of **adverse effects** with prolonged use. *Triamcinolone acetonide* - **Triamcinolone acetonide** is a **medium-potency** topical corticosteroid (Class IV-V), less potent than clobetasol propionate. - It is commonly used for moderate inflammatory skin conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis, but not for severe cases requiring maximum potency. *Hydrocortisone acetate* - **Hydrocortisone acetate** is a **low-potency** topical corticosteroid (Class VII), making it the least potent option listed. - It's often used for mild inflammatory conditions, sensitive areas like the face, or for less severe conditions requiring minimal corticosteroid strength. *Betamethasone valerate* - **Betamethasone valerate** is a **medium-to-high potency** topical corticosteroid (Class III-V), placing it among stronger corticosteroids but still less potent than clobetasol propionate. - It is effective for moderate to severe inflammatory skin conditions but does not reach the highest level of potency demonstrated by clobetasol.

Question 1

In the ESI programme, employers and employees in the organized sector contribute to the fund. What is the employer's contribution?

Accepted Answer

4.75%

Answer

1.75%

Answer

3.25%

Answer

2.75%

Question 2

Which vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Measles vaccine

Answer

Cholera vaccine

Answer

Typhoid vaccine

Answer

Meningococcal vaccine

Question 3

Which of the following characteristics can be used to differentiate the rash of chickenpox from the rash of smallpox?

Accepted Answer

Pleomorphic

Answer

Deep-seated

Answer

Centrifugal

Answer

Multilocular

Question 4

Which of the following gases is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect?

Accepted Answer

All of the options

Answer

CO2

Answer

Methane

Answer

Sulfur hexafluoride

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the Consumer Protection Act is NOT accurate or NOT specifically mentioned in the Act?

Accepted Answer

Consumer complaints are resolved within 3-6 months.

Answer

The Act was passed in 1986.

Answer

Consumers have the right to safety.

Answer

ESI hospitals are specifically excluded.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about malaria transmission is correct?

Accepted Answer

Individuals harboring gametocytes can transmit malaria.

Answer

P. vivax always completely fills the infected RBC with schizonts.

Answer

Malaria can only be transmitted through blood transfusions.

Answer

All stages of P. falciparum are commonly seen in peripheral blood smears.

Question 7

What is the infective form of Trypanosoma brucei?

Accepted Answer

Trypomastigote

Answer

Amastigote form

Answer

Egg stage

Answer

No infective form

Question 8

What is the mechanism of action of Abatacept?

Accepted Answer

Inhibitor of co-stimulation of T cells

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitor

Answer

Monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor

Answer

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist

Question 9

All of the following are adverse effects of nicotinic acid except:

Accepted Answer

Pancreatitis

Answer

Liver dysfunction

Answer

Vasodilation

Answer

Hyperpigmentation

Question 10

Which of the following is the most potent topical corticosteroid?

Accepted Answer

Clobetasol propionate

Answer

Triamcinolone acetonide

Answer

Hydrocortisone acetate

Answer

Betamethasone valerate

NEET-PG 2013

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Pharmacology