NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: What is the primary effect of moderate alcohol consumption on cholesterol levels?

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL). ***High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)*** - Moderate alcohol consumption is known to **increase HDL cholesterol** levels. - HDL cholesterol helps in the **reverse cholesterol transport**, removing excess cholesterol from tissues and transporting it back to the liver for excretion. *Total cholesterol* - The effect of moderate alcohol on **total cholesterol** is less consistent and may vary, as it is a sum of HDL, LDL, and 20% of VLDL. - While HDL increases, other components might remain unchanged or show minimal variation, thus not making it the primary and direct effect. *Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)* - Moderate alcohol consumption generally has **little to no significant effect** on **LDL cholesterol** levels. - Some studies suggest a slight decrease or no change, but it is not the primary lipid affected. *Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)* - There is generally **no significant direct effect** of moderate alcohol consumption on **VLDL cholesterol** levels. - Excessive alcohol intake, however, can elevate triglycerides, which are the main component of VLDL particles.

Q: If a claw hand develops in a patient with Leprosy, what is the classification of the deformity?

Grade II. A **claw hand** deformity, characterized by hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints, indicates a significant and **visible disability** but the affected part is still functional to a limited degree. In the context of leprosy, this observable and permanent deformity falls under **Grade II** on the WHO disability grading scale, signifying a clear and established disability. This grade indicates **no disability** or deformity related to leprosy. A patient with a claw hand has an obvious physical deformity and functional impairment, thus not fitting this classification. This grade refers to a **detectable impairment** but **no visible deformity**. A claw hand is a clearly visible deformity, making Grade I an inappropriate classification. While Grades are typically 0, I, and II in the WHO disability grading for leprosy, some classifications might refer to severe, non-functional deformities as higher grades. However, Grade II adequately captures **visible and significant deformities** like a claw hand, and a Grade III is not a standard or commonly used classification for a claw hand in leprosy in the WHO system.

Q: Malaria is transmitted in Rural areas by?

Anopheles culicifacies. ***Anopheles culicifacies*** - **_Anopheles culicifacies_** is the **primary vector of malaria in rural areas of India** and is also found in Southeast Asia. - Its breeding habitats often include **rice fields, irrigation channels, and temporary water collections** common in rural agricultural settings. - It accounts for a major proportion of rural malaria transmission in the Indian subcontinent. *Anopheles stephensi* - **_Anopheles stephensi_** is a significant malaria vector primarily found in **urban and semi-urban areas**, including parts of the Middle East, India, and Iran. - Its preferred breeding sites are **artificial containers found in urban environments**, such as water storage tanks, overhead tanks, and cisterns. *Anopheles dirus* - **_Anopheles dirus_** is a dominant malaria vector in **forested and hilly regions of Southeast Asia**, often associated with forest malaria. - It's known for outdoor feeding behavior and maintaining transmission in relatively undisturbed natural environments. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **_Anopheles culicifacies_** is a well-established and significant vector for malaria in rural areas of India. - Identification of a specific primary vector for rural transmission makes this choice invalid.

Q: Transovarian transmission is seen in-

Rickettsial diseases. ***Rickettsial diseases*** - **Transovarian transmission** is a key mechanism for the maintenance and spread of **rickettsiae** in arthropod vectors. The bacteria can pass from an infected female arthropod (like a tick or mite) to her offspring via the eggs. - This ensures that the next generation of vectors is already infected and can transmit the disease, even without needing to acquire the pathogen from an infected vertebrate host. *Malaria* - Malaria is transmitted via the bite of an infected **Anopheles mosquito**, which acquires parasites from an infected human. - **Transovarian transmission** does not occur in malaria; mosquitoes are not born with the ability to transmit the parasite. *Filaria* - Filariasis is spread by various **mosquito vectors** (e.g., *Culex*, *Anopheles*, *Aedes*) or **black flies**, which acquire microfilariae from an infected host during a blood meal. - The parasite undergoes development within the insect, but **transovarian transmission** to the insect's offspring does not occur. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **rickettsial diseases** do exhibit transovarian transmission, making it a valid answer. - The phenomenon of passing pathogens directly from a female parent to her offspring via the egg is a specific mechanism seen in certain vector-borne diseases.

Q: What causes the cart-wheel appearance of the tympanic membrane in acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM)?

Congested blood vessels along the malleus. ***Congested blood vessels along the malleus*** - The **cart-wheel appearance** in **acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM)** is a characteristic sign caused by the significant **engorgement of blood vessels** radiating out from the **malleus handle**. - This vascular congestion gives the tympanic membrane a distinct spoke-like pattern, resembling the spokes of a **cart wheel**. *Perforation of the tympanic membrane* - While **tympanic membrane perforation** can occur in ASOM, it typically signals a later stage of the disease, often leading to relief of pain and discharge, not the cart-wheel appearance. - Perforation appears as a **hole or defect** in the tympanic membrane, altering its integrity rather than its vascular pattern. *Edema of the tympanic membrane* - **Edema** (swelling) of the tympanic membrane does occur in ASOM due to inflammation, giving it a **dull, thickened, or bulging appearance**. - However, edema alone does not create the specific spoke-like pattern seen in the cart-wheel appearance; this pattern is primarily vascular. *Granulation tissue on the tympanic membrane* - **Granulation tissue** formation is more commonly associated with **chronic inflammatory processes** or healing after injury, and it would present as a **red, friable mass** on the tympanic membrane. - It is not a feature of early or established ASOM leading to the cart-wheel sign, which is an acute vascular phenomenon.

Q: How many segments of RNA does the Influenza virus have?

8 segments of single-stranded RNA. ***8 segments of single-stranded RNA*** - The **Influenza virus** is characterized by its segmented genome, which consists of **eight distinct negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)** molecules. - This segmentation is crucial for its high mutation rate and ability to undergo **antigenic shift** and **antigenic drift**, leading to new strains. *5 segments of single-stranded RNA* - This option is incorrect because the Influenza virus specifically has **eight segments**, not five. - While it is a single-stranded RNA virus, the number of segments is a key characteristic. *8 segments of double-stranded DNA* - This option is incorrect as Influenza is an **RNA virus**, not a DNA virus, and its genetic material is single-stranded, not double-stranded. - No known influenza viruses have a **double-stranded DNA genome**. *8 segments of single-stranded DNA* - This option is incorrect because Influenza is an **RNA virus**, not a DNA virus. - Its genetic material is composed of **RNA**, specifically negative-sense single-stranded RNA.

Q: Which drug is contraindicated in G6PD deficiency?

Primaquine. ***Primaquine*** - **Primaquine** is an antimalarial drug that generates **severe oxidative stress** in red blood cells. - It is **definitively contraindicated** in **G6PD deficiency** as it consistently causes **acute hemolytic anemia**. - Among antimalarials, primaquine poses the **highest risk** and should **never be used** in G6PD-deficient patients. - It is used for radical cure of P. vivax and P. ovale malaria, but alternative regimens must be used in G6PD deficiency. *Chloroquine* - **Chloroquine** can cause hemolysis in **G6PD deficiency**, though the risk is **lower than primaquine**. - It is **not considered fully safe** and should be used with **caution** in G6PD-deficient patients. - At standard doses, the risk is moderate, but hemolysis can occur, especially in certain G6PD variants. - However, it is not absolutely contraindicated and may be used when benefits outweigh risks with close monitoring. *Quinine* - **Quinine** can also cause **hemolysis** in patients with **G6PD deficiency**. - The risk varies with G6PD variant severity and dosage. - In **severe G6PD deficiency**, quinine should be avoided when alternatives are available. - While less consistently problematic than primaquine, it still requires caution and monitoring. *All of the options* - This option is incorrect in the context of this question because **primaquine** is the **most consistently and severely contraindicated** drug. - While chloroquine and quinine can cause hemolysis, they have **variable risk profiles** and may be used cautiously in some situations, unlike primaquine which is **absolutely contraindicated**. - The question asks for "which drug" (singular), indicating primaquine as the primary answer due to its consistent and severe risk.

Q: Which of the following is a metabolite of hydroxyzine?

Cetirizine. ***Cetirizine*** - **Cetirizine** is the principal active metabolite of **hydroxyzine**, formed through the oxidation of the primary alcohol group of hydroxyzine [2]. - Both hydroxyzine and cetirizine are **H1-receptor antagonists**, but cetirizine is a **second-generation antihistamine** known for being less sedating due to its limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier [2]. *Fexofenadine* - **Fexofenadine** is an active metabolite of **terfenadine**, not hydroxyzine [2]. - **Fexofenadine** is a second-generation antihistamine used to treat allergies, known for its non-sedating properties [3]. *Terfenadine* - **Terfenadine** is a second-generation antihistamine that was withdrawn from the market due to its cardiotoxicity, particularly the risk of **QT prolongation** and **Torsades de Pointes**. - Its active metabolite is **fexofenadine**, which does not cause similar cardiac issues [2]. *Azelastine* - **Azelastine** is an antihistamine primarily available as a **nasal spray** for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis [1], [3]. - It is not a metabolite of hydroxyzine but a distinct therapeutic compound.

Q: Which of the following is responsible for localization of sound ?

Superior olivary nucleus. ***Superior olivary nucleus*** - The **superior olivary nucleus** is the first site in the auditory pathway where binaural (two-ear) input is integrated, which is crucial for **sound localization**. - It processes **interaural time differences (ITDs)** and **interaural level differences (ILDs)** to determine the horizontal position of a sound source. *Cochlear nerve* - The **cochlear nerve** transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brainstem but does not perform the initial processing for sound localization. - It carries impulses for both ears independently, which are then integrated at higher centers. *Cochlea* - The **cochlea** is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals (transduction), encoding properties like pitch and loudness, but not directly for sound localization. - It acts as a mechanical analyzer, separating sound into its frequency components. *Cochlear nuclei* - The **cochlear nuclei** receive input solely from the ipsilateral cochlear nerve and primarily process monaural (one-ear) auditory information. - While they are a crucial relay in the auditory pathway, they do not integrate binaural cues for sound localization.

Question 1

What is the primary effect of moderate alcohol consumption on cholesterol levels?

Accepted Answer

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer

Total cholesterol

Answer

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Question 2

If a claw hand develops in a patient with Leprosy, what is the classification of the deformity?

Accepted Answer

Grade II

Answer

Grade 0

Answer

Grade I

Answer

Grade III

Question 3

Malaria is transmitted in Rural areas by?

Accepted Answer

Anopheles culicifacies

Answer

Anopheles stephensi

Answer

Anopheles dirus

Answer

None of the options

Question 4

Transovarian transmission is seen in-

Accepted Answer

Rickettsial diseases

Answer

Malaria

Answer

Filaria

Answer

None of the options

Question 5

What causes the cart-wheel appearance of the tympanic membrane in acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM)?

Accepted Answer

Congested blood vessels along the malleus

Answer

Perforation of the tympanic membrane

Answer

Edema of the tympanic membrane

Answer

Granulation tissue on the tympanic membrane

Question 6

What is meant by blanket consent in a medical context?

Accepted Answer

Taken at the time of admission for routine medical procedures

Answer

Oral consent

Answer

Written consent

Answer

When the patient comes to doctor for treatment

Question 7

How many segments of RNA does the Influenza virus have?

Accepted Answer

8 segments of single-stranded RNA

Answer

5 segments of single-stranded RNA

Answer

8 segments of double-stranded DNA

Answer

8 segments of single-stranded DNA

Question 8

Which drug is contraindicated in G6PD deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Primaquine

Answer

Chloroquine

Answer

Quinine

Answer

All of the options

Question 9

Which of the following is a metabolite of hydroxyzine?

Accepted Answer

Cetirizine

Answer

Fexofenadine

Answer

Terfenadine

Answer

Azelastine

Question 10

Which of the following is responsible for localization of sound ?

Accepted Answer

Superior olivary nucleus

Answer

Cochlear nerve

Answer

Cochlea

Answer

Cochlear nuclei

NEET-PG 2013

Biochemistry

Community Medicine

ENT

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Pharmacology

Physiology