NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Tetracycline injection causes palsy of which nerve?

Radial. ***Radial*** - Tetracycline injections, especially when given in the deltoid region, can inadvertently injure the **radial nerve** due to its superficial course. - Damage to the radial nerve typically results in **wrist drop** and sensory deficits over the dorsum of the hand. *Ulnar* - The **ulnar nerve** is commonly injured at the elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome) or wrist (Guyon's canal). - Injury typically results in weakness of intrinsic hand muscles and sensory loss in the little finger and ulnar half of the ring finger, which is not characteristic of an injection injury in the deltoid region. *Median* - The **median nerve** is more frequently injured at the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome) or elbow. - Injury causes difficulty with thumb opposition and sensation in the first three and a half digits on the palmar side. *Superficial peroneal* - The **superficial peroneal nerve** is found in the lower leg and foot, innervating the lateral compartment muscles and providing sensation to the dorsum of the foot. - It would not be affected by an injection in the upper arm or shoulder region.

Q: What is the BMI range that defines preobesity?

25-29.9. ***25-29.9*** - A **Body Mass Index (BMI)** between 25 and 29.9 kg/m² is classified as **overweight** [1] or **preobesity**. - This range indicates an increased risk of developing various health problems associated with higher body weight [1]. *18.5-24.9* - This BMI range is considered **normal weight**, which is generally ideal for health [1]. - Individuals within this range typically have the lowest risk of weight-related health complications [1]. *30-34.9* - A BMI in this range is classified as **obesity class I** [1]. - This category indicates a significantly increased risk of developing co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [1]. *35-39.9* - This BMI range represents **obesity class II** (severe obesity) [1]. - Individuals in this category face a high risk of serious health issues and often require more aggressive intervention strategies [1].

Q: Which of the following is an intermediate level disinfectant?

Hypochlorite. ***Hypochlorite*** - **Hypochlorite** (e.g., sodium hypochlorite, bleach) is an effective **intermediate-level disinfectant** commonly used for surface disinfection and water purification. - It works by **oxidizing cellular components** and disrupting membrane function in microorganisms, effective against a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and some fungi. *2% glutaraldehyde* - **2% glutaraldehyde** is a **high-level disinfectant** and **sterilant** often used for heat-sensitive medical equipment like endoscopes. - It is effective against bacterial spores, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses, which exceeds the scope of intermediate-level disinfection. *Ethylene oxide* - **Ethylene oxide** is a **gaseous sterilant** used for heat-sensitive and moisture-sensitive medical devices, making it a high-level modality. - It works by **alkylating proteins and nucleic acids**, effectively killing all forms of microbial life, including spores. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **Hypochlorite** is indeed an intermediate-level disinfectant. - The classification of disinfectants is based on their ability to kill different types of microorganisms, with hypochlorite falling squarely into the intermediate category.

Q: Which Schistosoma species is primarily associated with eggs being discharged in urine?

S. haematobium. ***S. haematobium*** - *S. haematobium* specifically targets the **urinary bladder plexus**, leading to the discharge of eggs in the **urine**. - Infection with *S. haematobium* is the primary cause of **urinary schistosomiasis** and is associated with complications like **hematuria** and bladder cancer. *S. japonicum (intestinal)* - *S. japonicum* primarily infects the **mesenteric veins of the small intestine** and discharges its eggs in **feces**, not urine. - This species is known for causing severe **intestinal and hepatic schistosomiasis** due to the large number of eggs produced. *S. mansoni (intestinal)* - *S. mansoni* also primarily infects the **mesenteric veins, mainly of the large intestine**, and its eggs are excreted in **feces**. - It is a common cause of **intestinal schistosomiasis**, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly. *S. mekongi* - *S. mekongi* is another **intestinal schistosome**, closely related to *S. japonicum*, and its eggs are discharged in **feces**. - This species is found in specific regions of Southeast Asia and causes similar symptoms to other intestinal schistosomes.

Q: Infective form of Hookworms?

Filariform larva. ***Filariform larva*** - The **filariform larva (L3)** is the infective stage of hookworms, capable of penetrating intact skin. - Upon penetration, these larvae migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs, then up the bronchial tree to be swallowed, eventually maturing in the intestines. *Egg* - Hookworm **eggs** are passed in the feces of infected individuals and are not infective to humans directly. - They require favorable conditions (warm, moist soil) to embryonate and hatch into rhabditiform larvae. *Rhabditiform larva* - The **rhabditiform larva (L1)** is the first larval stage that hatches from the egg in the soil. - It is a non-infective, free-living stage that feeds on bacteria and molts twice to become the infective filariform larva. *Adult worm* - **Adult worms** reside in the small intestine of the host and are not the infective form. - They attach to the intestinal mucosa and feed on blood, causing the characteristic anemia associated with hookworm infection.

Q: The most common subtype of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in India is:

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma. ***Diffuse large B cell lymphoma*** - It is the most common subtype of **Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma** observed in India, reflecting a higher prevalence in the population. - Characterized by **aggressive clinical behavior** [1] and typically presents as a rapidly enlarging mass, often involving lymph nodes or extranodal sites. *Burkitt's lymphoma* - This subtype is known for its **high proliferation rate** and is more common in specific demographics, such as children and immunocompromised individuals. - It typically presents with **jaw lesions** or abdominal masses, which is not typical in the broader Indian population. *Diffuse small cell lymphocytic lymphoma* - More accurately classified as **chronic lymphocytic leukemia** (CLL), it is not the most common subtype of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. - Characterized by a **milder clinical course** and presents with lymphocytosis in peripheral blood, lacking aggressive features. *Follicular lymphoma* - This is usually a **low-grade lymphoma** associated with **indolent behavior** and may not be the most commonly diagnosed subtype in India. - It typically involves multiple lymph nodes and is characterized by **nodular patterns on histology**, making it less prevalent than diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Follicular lymphoma is rare in Asian populations [2]. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. Common Clinical Problems From Diseases Of The Urinary And Male Genital Tracts, pp. 563-564. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus, pp. 602-604.

Q: Which of the following is an antitussive opioid?

Ethylmorphine. ***Ethylmorphine*** - **Ethylmorphine** (also known as dionin) is an opioid derivative with significant **antitussive properties**, meaning it suppresses coughing. - It works by acting on opioid receptors in the **medulla oblongata**, reducing the cough reflex. *Pethidine* - **Pethidine** (also known as meperidine) is a synthetic opioid primarily used for **moderate to severe pain relief**. - While it has some central nervous system effects, its main therapeutic use is as an **analgesic**, not an antitussive. *Methadone* - **Methadone** is a synthetic opioid used for treating **opioid dependence** and for **chronic severe pain**. - Its main application is in addiction treatment and pain management, not specifically as a cough suppressant. *Buprenorphine* - **Buprenorphine** is a **partial opioid agonist** used for pain management and **opioid dependence**. - It has a high affinity for opioid receptors but produces a limited effect, making it less likely to be used solely as an antitussive and more for its analgesic or anti-addictive properties.

Q: Which of the following is not commonly recognized as a hepatotoxic drug?

Streptomycin. ***Streptomycin*** - Streptomycin is primarily associated with **ototoxicity** (vestibular and cochlear damage) and **nephrotoxicity** (kidney damage), not significant hepatotoxicity. - While most drugs can theoretically cause liver injury, streptomycin is not frequently cited as a major hepatotoxin in clinical practice. *Chlorpropamide* - This **sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic agent** can cause a range of liver injuries, from asymptomatic enzyme elevations to severe **cholestatic hepatitis** or hepatocellular damage. - Its hepatotoxic potential is well-documented, leading to its decreased use compared to newer antidiabetic agents. *Allopurinol* - Allopurinol, used to treat **gout** and hyperuricemia, is known to cause a variety of adverse effects, including **hypersensitivity reactions** that can involve the liver. - It can lead to **hepatocellular injury**, cholestasis, or mixed liver damage, sometimes as part of a severe drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (**DRESS syndrome**). *Halothane* - Halothane is a potent **halogenated inhalational anesthetic** historically associated with a rare but severe form of idiosyncratic liver injury known as **halothane hepatitis**. - This condition involves **massive hepatic necrosis** and has a high mortality rate, leading to its eventual replacement by newer anesthetics.

Q: Why do NSAIDs cause gastric ulcers?

They inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. ***They inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes*** - NSAIDs primarily exert their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting **cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes**, specifically COX-1 and COX-2. - While COX-2 inhibition is responsible for anti-inflammatory action, **COX-1 inhibition** reduces the production of protective prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa, leading to a loss of mucosal integrity and an increased risk of ulceration. *They inhibit the production of protective mucus* - While NSAIDs do compromise the gastric mucosal barrier, their primary mechanism is not a direct inhibition of mucus production itself. - Instead, the reduced prostaglandin synthesis indirectly affects the quantity and quality of mucus and bicarbonate, which are crucial for mucosal defense. *They increase gastric acid secretion* - NSAIDs do not directly increase gastric acid secretion; in fact, some studies suggest a mild inhibitory effect. - The main problem is the diminished mucosal protection against the normal levels of gastric acid. *They delay gastric emptying* - Delaying gastric emptying is not a primary mechanism by which NSAIDs cause ulcers. - While some medications can affect gastric motility, this is not the key pathway for NSAID-induced gastropathy.

Question 1

Tetracycline injection causes palsy of which nerve?

Accepted Answer

Radial

Answer

Median

Answer

Ulnar

Answer

Superficial peroneal

Question 2

What is the BMI range that defines preobesity?

Accepted Answer

25-29.9

Answer

18.5-24.9

Answer

30-34.9

Answer

35-39.9

Question 3

According to which of the following guidelines must a registered medical practitioner preserve medical records of patients for a minimum of 3 years from the last date of treatment?

Accepted Answer

Medical Council of India Act: Professional misconduct and medical ethics

Answer

Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct) Regulations: Medical certificate guidelines

Answer

Consumer Protection Act: Medical services as consumer services

Answer

Section 304A IPC: Death caused by negligence (medical negligence)

Question 4

Which of the following is an intermediate level disinfectant?

Accepted Answer

Hypochlorite

Answer

Ethylene oxide

Answer

2% glutaraldehyde

Answer

None of the options

Question 5

Which Schistosoma species is primarily associated with eggs being discharged in urine?

Accepted Answer

S. haematobium

Answer

S. japonicum

Answer

S. mansoni

Answer

S. mekongi

Question 6

Infective form of Hookworms?

Accepted Answer

Filariform larva

Answer

Egg

Answer

Rhabditiform larva

Answer

Adult worm

Question 7

The most common subtype of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in India is:

Accepted Answer

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Answer

Diffuse small cell lymphocytic lymphoma

Answer

Follicular lymphoma

Answer

Burkitt's lymphoma

Question 8

Which of the following is an antitussive opioid?

Accepted Answer

Ethylmorphine

Answer

Pethidine

Answer

Methadone

Answer

Buprenorphine

Question 9

Which of the following is not commonly recognized as a hepatotoxic drug?

Accepted Answer

Streptomycin

Answer

Chlorpropamide

Answer

Allopurinol

Answer

Halothane

Question 10

Why do NSAIDs cause gastric ulcers?

Accepted Answer

They inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes

Answer

They increase gastric acid secretion

Answer

They delay gastric emptying

Answer

They inhibit the production of protective mucus

NEET-PG 2013

Anatomy

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Pathology

Pharmacology