NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following diseases is classified under category-B of bioterrorism?

Cholera. ***Cholera*** - **Cholera** is classified under **Category B** agents due to its moderate ease of dissemination, moderate morbidity rates, and low mortality rates. - While it can cause severe diarrheal disease, its treatment is relatively straightforward with **rehydration therapy**, and it poses a lower risk of mass casualties compared to Category A agents. *Anthrax* - **Anthrax** is a **Category A** bioterrorism agent, characterized by its high mortality rate, ease of dissemination, and potential for major public health impact. - It poses a significant threat due to its ability to form **spores** that are highly resistant and can cause severe lung infection. *Plague* - **Plague** is designated as a **Category A** agent because of its high potential for mass dissemination, high mortality if untreated, and potential to cause widespread panic. - It can be spread via **aerosols** and can lead to severe systemic illness. *Botulism* - **Botulism** is classified as a **Category A** agent due to the extreme potency of the **botulinum toxin**, even in minute quantities, which can cause severe flaccid paralysis and death. - It has a high potential for causing severe public health impact and requires complex medical interventions.

Q: Which of the following insects has shown the least widespread development of resistance to DDT?

Tsetse flies. ***Tsetse flies*** - **Tsetse flies** have shown the least widespread development of **resistance to DDT**, likely due to their specific life cycles and limited exposure in widespread application campaigns. - This has made DDT, or its successor compounds, remain effective in certain tsetse control programs where other insects have developed high resistance. *Mosquitoes* - **Mosquitoes** have developed **widespread resistance to DDT** globally, significantly impacting malaria control efforts. - Their rapid breeding cycles and extensive exposure to DDT over decades led to the selection and proliferation of resistant strains. *Fleas* - **Fleas** have also developed **significant resistance to DDT**, especially in regions where it was heavily used for pest control in homes and livestock. - This resistance is a major factor in the continued prevalence of flea-borne diseases in certain areas. *Ticks* - **Ticks** have shown considerable development of **resistance to DDT** and other acaricides due to widespread use in livestock and agricultural settings. - Their resistance has complicated efforts to control tick-borne diseases and protect animal health.

Q: The BEINGS Model of disease causation does not include which of the following factors?

Spiritual factors. ***Spiritual factors*** - The **BEINGS model** does not include \"Spiritual factors\" as one of its components. - The BEINGS acronym stands for: **B**iological, **E**nvironmental, **I**mmunological, **N**utritional, **G**enetic, and **S**ocial factors. - While spirituality can influence health outcomes, it is not a formal component of this epidemiological model. *Religious factors* - Religious factors, like spiritual factors, are also not explicitly part of the BEINGS model. - However, religious practices and beliefs may be considered as part of **social factors** (the \"S\" in BEINGS) in some contexts. - This option is less clearly excluded than spiritual factors. *Social factors* - The \"**S**\" in BEINGS specifically stands for **Social factors**, not spiritual factors. - Social factors include community networks, socioeconomic status, cultural practices, and social support systems. - These are well-established determinants of health and disease causation. *Nutritional factors* - The \"**N**\" in BEINGS stands for **Nutritional factors**. - Nutrition plays a critical role in disease causation, affecting immunity, growth, and susceptibility to various diseases. - Deficiencies or excesses in nutrition can lead to a wide range of health problems.

Q: The outer covering of diatoms is made of?

Silica. ***Correct: Silica*** - The cell walls of diatoms are primarily composed of **hydrated amorphous silica (SiO2·nH2O)**. - This rigid, intricate outer covering is known as a **frustule**, which provides structural support and protection. - Diatoms are uniquely characterized by their intricate silica cell walls, making them easily identifiable under microscopy. *Incorrect: Magnesium* - **Magnesium (Mg)** is an important metal and a component of chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis. - While diatoms do contain magnesium for metabolic processes, it is not the primary structural component of their outer covering. *Incorrect: Hydrocarbons* - **Hydrocarbons** are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon, commonly found in fossil fuels. - Diatom cell walls are inorganic (mineral-based), not organic hydrocarbon structures. *Incorrect: None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **silica** is listed among the options and is the correct answer. - Diatom frustules are definitively composed of silica.

Q: Pneumococcal vaccine is prepared from ?

Capsular polysaccharide. ***Capsular polysaccharide*** - The **polysaccharide capsule** of *Streptococcus pneumoniae* is the primary virulence factor, protecting the bacteria from phagocytosis. - Vaccines, such as **PCV13** (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) and **PPSV23** (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine), are designed targeting these capsular polysaccharides to elicit a protective immune response. *Cell surface antigen* - While bacteria possess various **cell surface antigens**, not all are immunogenic or provide protective immunity as effectively as the capsular polysaccharides for *S. pneumoniae*. - For pneumococcus, the **capsule** is the most critical surface component for vaccine development due to its role in virulence and serotype specificity. *From exotoxin* - *S. pneumoniae* primarily causes disease through its **polysaccharide capsule** and other bacterial components, not through the production of an **exotoxin** that would be targeted by a vaccine. - Vaccines developed from exotoxins (e.g., diphtheria or tetanus toxoids) target specific toxins, which is not the mechanism for pneumococcal vaccines. *From M protein* - **M protein** is a major virulence factor for *Streptococcus pyogenes* (Group A Strep), not *Streptococcus pneumoniae*. - Vaccines targeting M protein are associated with **Group A Streptococcus** infections, for protection against diseases like rheumatic fever.

Q: All are non-sporing anaerobes of medical importance except which of the following?

Clostridia. ***Clostridia*** - This genus is characterized by its ability to form **spores**, which are highly resistant structures allowing survival in adverse conditions. - Examples include *Clostridium difficile*, *Clostridium tetani*, and *Clostridium botulinum*, all of which are important human pathogens. *Actinomyces* - *Actinomyces* are **non-sporing, Gram-positive, anaerobic rods** that cause chronic, granulomatous infections, often forming sinus tracts. - They are known for producing characteristic **"sulfur granules"** in pus. *Bacteroides* - *Bacteroides* are **non-sporing, Gram-negative, anaerobic rods** that are a major component of the normal human gut flora. - They are frequently involved in **intra-abdominal infections** and abscess formation. *Fusobacterium* - *Fusobacterium* species are **non-sporing, Gram-negative, fusiform-shaped anaerobic rods**. - They are common in the **oral cavity** and can cause infections such as Vincent's angina and Lemierre's syndrome.

Q: Maximum maternal mortality during peripartum period occurs at -

Immediate post-partum. ***Immediate post-partum*** - The **immediate postpartum period** (first 24 hours after birth) is considered the most critical time for maternal mortality, accounting for approximately **45-50% of all maternal deaths**. - Primary causes include **postpartum hemorrhage** (leading cause, responsible for ~25% of maternal deaths globally), **eclampsia**, and **amniotic fluid embolism**. - This phase involves significant physiological changes and potential complications arising directly from the birthing process, with risks being highest in the first few hours after delivery. *Last trimester* - While the **last trimester** carries risks such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and thrombosis, the overall mortality rate is lower compared to the immediate postpartum period. - Many of the complications arising in late pregnancy are either manageable with proper antenatal care or culminate in critical events during or just after delivery. *During labor* - **Maternal mortality during labor** can occur due to complications like obstructed labor, uterine rupture, or severe pre-eclampsia. However, modern obstetric care with active management aims to identify and manage these issues promptly. - Many *intrapartum* complications often lead to adverse outcomes that extend into the immediate postpartum phase, where the majority of deaths are recorded. *Delayed post-partum* - The **delayed postpartum period** (from 24 hours up to 6 weeks after birth) still carries risks such as infections (puerperal sepsis), venous thromboembolism, and peripartum cardiomyopathy, but the incidence of acute, life-threatening events is significantly lower than in the immediate postpartum period. - Mortalities during this period are often related to complications that develop or worsen over time, rather than acute events directly from birth.

Q: Which of the following drugs has not been withdrawn from the Indian market for safety reasons?

Cotrimoxazole. ### Cotrimoxazole - Cotrimoxazole, a combination of **trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole**, remains a widely used and available antibiotic in India [1], [2]. - It treats various bacterial infections, including **urinary tract infections** and respiratory infections, and has not been withdrawn for safety reasons [1]. ### Gatifloxacin - **Gatifloxacin** was withdrawn from the Indian market due to concerns about **severe glycemic disturbances**, including both hypo- and hyperglycemia. - These side effects posed significant risks, especially in patients with diabetes or those predisposed to blood sugar fluctuations. ### Rofecoxib - **Rofecoxib**, an NSAID, was withdrawn globally, including from India, due to an increased risk of **cardiovascular events** such as heart attack and stroke. - Its selective inhibition of COX-2 was found to disturb the balance of prostaglandins, leading to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. ### Phenformin - **Phenformin**, an oral antidiabetic drug, was withdrawn from the Indian market due to its association with a high incidence of **lactic acidosis**, a severe and often fatal metabolic complication. - This serious side effect made its risk-benefit profile unacceptable for continued use.

Q: What is the best drug for control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding?

Octreotide. ***Octreotide*** - **Octreotide** is a somatostatin analog that causes **splanchnic vasoconstriction**, reducing portal venous inflow and pressure, which is crucial in controlling **esophageal variceal bleeding**. - Its mechanism involves inhibiting the release of **vasodilatory hormones** like glucagon, leading to a decrease in portal pressure without significant systemic side effects. *Vasopressin* - **Vasopressin** is a potent vasoconstrictor that can reduce portal pressure but has significant systemic side effects such as **myocardial ischemia** and **bowel ischemia** due to widespread vasoconstriction. - It is generally no longer considered the first-line pharmacological treatment for variceal bleeding due to its **adverse effect profile**. *GnRH* - **GnRH** (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) plays a role in regulating the reproductive system by controlling the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary. - It has **no direct role** in the management or control of esophageal bleeding. *Propranolol* - **Propranolol** is a non-selective beta-blocker primarily used for **prophylaxis** of variceal bleeding by reducing portal pressure chronically. - It works by reducing cardiac output and causing splanchnic vasoconstriction, but it is **not used for acute control** of active bleeding.

Q: What is the role of Anandamide in the human body?

Cannabinoid neurotransmitter. ***Cannabinoid neurotransmitter*** - **Anandamide** is an **endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter** that binds to **CB1** and **CB2 receptors**. - It plays a role in **pain modulation**, **appetite stimulation**, and **memory regulation**. *Opioid* - **Opioids** bind to **opioid receptors** (mu, delta, kappa) and are known for their **analgesic** and **euphoric effects**. - Examples include **morphine** and **endorphins**, which are chemically distinct from anandamide and have different receptor targets. *CK 1 antagonist* - This option refers to a **cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptor antagonist**, which would block the effects of **CCK**. - **CCK** is a hormone involved in **digestion** and **satiety**, and its role is unrelated to anandamide. *D2 blocker* - A **D2 blocker** is an agent that antagonizes the **dopamine D2 receptor**. - These are typically **antipsychotic medications** that modulate **dopamine pathways** in the brain, unrelated to the function of anandamide.

Question 1

Which of the following diseases is classified under category-B of bioterrorism?

Accepted Answer

Cholera

Answer

Anthrax

Answer

Plague

Answer

Botulism

Question 2

Which of the following insects has shown the least widespread development of resistance to DDT?

Accepted Answer

Tsetse flies

Answer

Mosquitoes

Answer

Fleas

Answer

Ticks

Question 3

The BEINGS Model of disease causation does not include which of the following factors?

Accepted Answer

Spiritual factors

Answer

Religious factors

Answer

Social factors

Answer

Nutritional factors

Question 4

The outer covering of diatoms is made of?

Accepted Answer

Silica

Answer

Magnesium

Answer

Hydrocarbons

Answer

None of the options

Question 5

Pneumococcal vaccine is prepared from ?

Accepted Answer

Capsular polysaccharide

Answer

Cell surface antigen

Answer

Exotoxin

Answer

M protein

Question 6

All are non-sporing anaerobes of medical importance except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Clostridia

Answer

Bacteroides

Answer

Fusobacterium

Answer

Actinomyces

Question 7

Maximum maternal mortality during peripartum period occurs at -

Accepted Answer

Immediate post-partum

Answer

Last trimester

Answer

During labor

Answer

Delayed post-partum

Question 8

Which of the following drugs has not been withdrawn from the Indian market for safety reasons?

Accepted Answer

Cotrimoxazole

Answer

Gatifloxacin

Answer

Phenformin

Answer

Rofecoxib

Question 9

What is the best drug for control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding?

Accepted Answer

Octreotide

Answer

Vasopressin

Answer

GnRH

Answer

Propranolol

Question 10

What is the role of Anandamide in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Cannabinoid neurotransmitter

Answer

Opioid

Answer

D2 blocker

Answer

CCK1 antagonist

NEET-PG 2013

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pharmacology

Physiology