NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following individuals is known for their significant contributions to public health legislation in the 19th century?

Edwin Chadwick. ***Edwin Chadwick*** - **Edwin Chadwick** was a central figure in the 19th-century public health movement in Britain, known for advocating for comprehensive sanitary reform. - His most famous work, the **"Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain" (1842)**, laid the groundwork for public health legislation, influencing the **Public Health Act of 1848**. *John Snow* - **John Snow** was a physician known for his groundbreaking work in epidemiology, particularly his investigation into the **1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak**. - While his work was crucial for understanding disease transmission, his primary contributions were not in public health legislation but in establishing the **germ theory of disease** and modern epidemiology. *Joseph Lister* - **Joseph Lister** was a surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, introducing the use of **carbolic acid** to sterilize instruments and wounds. - His contributions drastically reduced post-operative infections but were focused on surgical practice rather than large-scale public health legislation. *William Farr* - **William Farr** was a prominent Victorian epidemiologist and statistician, considered one of the founders of medical statistics. - He developed systems for **classifying diseases** and collecting vital statistics, which greatly informed public health policy but his direct role in drafting legislation was less prominent than Chadwick's.

Q: What is the most common fungal cause of otomycosis?

Aspergillus. ***Aspergillus*** - **Aspergillus niger** and **Aspergillus flavus** are the most frequently isolated fungal species in cases of **otomycosis**. - These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments like the **external auditory canal** and produce spores that can cause infection. *Histoplasma* - **Histoplasma capsulatum** is associated with **histoplasmosis**, a systemic fungal infection that primarily affects the lungs. - It is not a common cause of otomycosis, as it typically causes **pulmonary and disseminated disease**, not external ear canal infections. *Rhinosporidium* - **Rhinosporidium seeberi** causes **rhinosporidiosis**, a chronic granulomatous disease that primarily affects the **mucous membranes of the nose and nasopharynx**. - While it can affect other mucous membranes, it is not a typical cause of **otomycosis**. *Actinomyces* - **Actinomyces** is a genus of **gram-positive bacteria**, not fungi, known for causing **actinomycosis**. - Actinomycosis is characterized by **abscess formation and fistulas** and does not typically present as otomycosis.

Q: Which of the following statements about conductive deafness is true?

Rinne's test is negative in conductive deafness.. ***Rinne's test is negative in conductive deafness.*** - A **negative Rinne's test** indicates that **bone conduction is heard longer or equally as long as air conduction** in the affected ear. - This occurs because the sound transmission through the middle ear is impaired due to the conductive hearing loss. *Weber's test shows no lateralization in conductive deafness.* - In unilateral conductive deafness, the **Weber's test will lateralize to the affected ear**, not show no lateralization. - This is because the sound is perceived as louder in the ear with the conductive loss due to the masking effect of ambient noise being reduced. *There is no decay in threshold tone in conductive deafness.* - **Threshold tone decay** is typically associated with **retrocochlear lesions** (sensorineural hearing loss), not conductive deafness. - Conductive hearing loss is a mechanical problem that does not affect the persistence of auditory nerve firing. *Air conduction is always completely absent in conductive deafness during Rinne's test.* - While air conduction is poorer than bone conduction (making Rinne's negative), it is **not always completely absent**. - In a profound conductive loss, air conduction might be near absent, but in milder cases, it is simply significantly reduced compared to bone conduction.

Q: What is the term for sexual intercourse between closely related individuals?

Incest. ***Incest*** - This term refers to **sexual activity** between individuals who are considered **too closely related** to marry or have sexual relations within a particular society's laws or customs. - The definition of closeness can vary culturally and legally, but it generally includes immediate family members like parents, children, and siblings. - Under Indian law (IPC Section 376), incestuous relationships are prohibited and can constitute sexual offenses. *Extramarital affair* - This describes sexual relations between a **married person** and someone who is **not their spouse**. - It does not necessarily involve closely related individuals; the key aspect is the breach of marital fidelity. - This is a social/moral term rather than specifically a forensic classification. *Bestiality* - This refers to sexual activity between a **human and an animal**, also known as **zoophilia**. - This is distinct from incest, which specifically concerns human-to-human sexual relations within a family. - Under IPC Section 377, this was considered an unnatural offense. *Tribadism* - This describes various forms of **sexual intimacy between women**, particularly non-penetrative activity. - This term does not involve familial relationships or biological closeness as defined by incest. - It is a descriptive term for a type of sexual behavior, not a classification of prohibited relationships.

Q: In blast injury, which organ is most likely to be damaged first?

Tympanic membrane. ***Tympanic membrane*** - The **tympanic membrane** is the most sensitive organ to the pressure waves generated by a blast, often rupturing even with relatively low blast overpressures. - Its thin, delicate structure and direct exposure to external air pressure make it highly vulnerable to barotrauma. *Gastrointestinal tract* - While the **gastrointestinal tract** can be damaged by blast waves, especially air-filled organs, this typically occurs after the tympanic membrane is affected. - Damage often includes hemorrhage, perforation, and mesenteric injury. *Liver* - The **liver** is a solid organ and is less susceptible to initial blast injury compared to air-filled structures. - Damage to the liver usually results from secondary mechanisms like blunt trauma from displacement or impact against other structures. *Lung* - **Blast lung** is a serious injury characterized by pulmonary contusions, hemorrhage, and edema, but it generally requires higher blast overpressure than tympanic membrane rupture. - The air-filled nature of the lungs makes them susceptible, but the tympanic membrane almost always fails first.

Q: JSB stain is used for which parasite?

Filaria. ***Filaria*** - The **JSB stain (Jaswant Singh Battacharya stain)** is a rapid Romanowsky-type stain specifically developed for the diagnosis of **microfilariae** in blood films. - It allows for clear visualization of the sheaths and nuclei of microfilariae, which is crucial for species identification and diagnosis of **filariasis**. *Malaria* - **Giemsa stain** is the gold standard for identifying malaria parasites in thick and thin blood smears, not JSB stain. - Giemsa allows for detailed morphological differentiation of malaria species and stages within **red blood cells**. *Kala azar* - **Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis)** is diagnosed by detecting **Leishman bodies (amastigotes)** in bone marrow, splenic, or lymph node aspirates. - Stains like **Giemsa** or **Leishman stain** are traditionally used for visualizing these amastigotes. *Sleeping sickness* - **Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)** is diagnosed by identifying **trypomastigotes** in blood smears, lymph node aspirates, or cerebrospinal fluid. - **Giemsa stain** is commonly used for the microscopic examination of these specimens to detect the parasites.

Q: Which staining method is specifically used for the detection of mycoplasma?

Dienes method. ***Dienes method*** - The **Dienes staining method** is a specialized procedure used specifically to identify **Mycoplasma colonies** grown on agar medium. - It works by staining the characteristic **fried-egg appearance** of Mycoplasma colonies. *Fontana method* - The Fontana method is a **silver impregnation stain** used primarily for the visualization of **spirochetes**, such as *Treponema pallidum*. - It is not suitable for detecting Mycoplasma due to their distinct cellular structure and size differences compared to spirochetes. *Lavaditi method* - The Lavaditi method is another type of **silver stain** developed for the detection of **spirochetes** in tissue sections. - Similar to the Fontana method, it is not appropriate for the identification of Mycoplasma. *No applicable method* - This statement is incorrect as the **Dienes method** is, in fact, specifically applicable and widely used for the detection and identification of Mycoplasma colonies. - There are established microbiological techniques for identifying Mycoplasma.

Q: Which of the following is called Preisz-Nocard bacillus?

C. pseudotuberculosis. ***C. pseudotuberculosis*** - This bacterium is historically known as the **Preisz-Nocard bacillus**, named after its discoverers. - It is an important pathogen in animals, causing conditions like **caseous lymphadenitis** in sheep and goats. *C. diphtheriae* - This bacterium causes **diphtheria** and is known for producing a potent **exotoxin** that can lead to systemic complications. - It forms a characteristic **pseudomembrane** in the throat and is not associated with the Preisz-Nocard designation. *M. tuberculosis* - This is the causative agent of **tuberculosis** in humans, primarily affecting the lungs. - It is known for its **acid-fast staining** property and a complex pathogenesis involving granuloma formation. *Mycoplasma* - This genus includes bacteria that lack a **cell wall**, making them resistant to many common antibiotics. - They are known for causing various infections, including **atypical pneumonia** and genitourinary tract infections, but are not referred to as the Preisz-Nocard bacillus.

Q: ABO isoantibodies are of which class?

IgM. ***IgM*** - Naturally occurring **ABO isoantibodies** are predominantly of the **IgM class**. - These **pentameric antibodies** are highly effective at causing **agglutination** of incompatible red blood cells, which is crucial in transfusion reactions [1]. *IgG* - While IgG antibodies can be formed against ABO antigens (e.g., in hemolytic disease of the newborn), the **naturally occurring isoantibodies** are primarily IgM. - IgG antibodies are **monomeric** and can cross the **placenta**, which is a key difference from the primary IgM ABO antibodies. *IgD* - **IgD** antibodies are primarily found on the surface of **B cells** and play a role in B cell activation. - They are **not a primary mediator** of ABO isoantibody response or red blood cell agglutination. *IgA* - **IgA** antibodies are predominantly found in **mucosal secretions** and play a role in mucosal immunity. - While some IgA may be present, it is **not the predominant class** for naturally occurring ABO isoantibodies involved in transfusion reactions. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. (Basic Pathology) introduces the student to key general principles of pathology, both as a medical science and as a clinical activity with a vital role in patient care. Part 2 (Disease Mechanisms) provides fundamental knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in diseases, providing the rationale for their treatment. Part 3 (Systematic Pathology) deals in detail with specific diseases, with emphasis on the clinically important aspects., pp. 154-155.

Q: Peripheral neuropathy as a side effect is caused by which of the following anticancer drugs?

Vincristine. ***Vincristine*** - **Vincristine** is a **vinca alkaloid** that works by inhibiting **microtubule formation**, which is essential for cell division [1], [3]. - Its major dose-limiting toxicity is **peripheral neuropathy**, manifesting as paresthesias, weakness, and loss of reflexes due to damage to neuronal microtubules [1], [2]. *Cyclophosphamide* - **Cyclophosphamide** is an **alkylating agent** that forms cross-links in DNA, leading to cell death. - Its most common side effects include **myelosuppression**, hemorrhagic cystitis, and alopecia; **peripheral neuropathy** is generally not a prominent adverse effect. *Etoposide* - **Etoposide** is a **topoisomerase II inhibitor** that causes DNA strand breaks. - Key toxicities include **myelosuppression** and **gastrointestinal disturbances**, but it is not typically associated with significant peripheral neuropathy. *Irinotecan* - **Irinotecan** is a **topoisomerase I inhibitor** that causes DNA damage during replication. - Its primary dose-limiting toxicities are **diarrhea** and **myelosuppression**, not peripheral neuropathy.

Question 1

Which of the following individuals is known for their significant contributions to public health legislation in the 19th century?

Accepted Answer

Edwin Chadwick

Answer

Joseph Lister

Answer

William Farr

Answer

John Snow

Question 2

What is the most common fungal cause of otomycosis?

Accepted Answer

Aspergillus

Answer

Histoplasma

Answer

Rhinosporidium

Answer

Actinomyces

Question 3

Which of the following statements about conductive deafness is true?

Accepted Answer

Rinne's test is negative in conductive deafness.

Answer

Weber's test shows no lateralization in conductive deafness.

Answer

There is no decay in threshold tone in conductive deafness.

Answer

Air conduction is always completely absent in conductive deafness during Rinne's test

Question 4

What is the term for sexual intercourse between closely related individuals?

Accepted Answer

Incest

Answer

Extramarital affair

Answer

Bestiality

Answer

Tribadism

Question 5

In blast injury, which organ is most likely to be damaged first?

Accepted Answer

Tympanic membrane

Answer

Liver

Answer

Lung

Answer

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 6

JSB stain is used for which parasite?

Accepted Answer

Filaria

Answer

Kala azar

Answer

Sleeping sickness

Answer

Malaria

Question 7

Which staining method is specifically used for the detection of mycoplasma?

Accepted Answer

Dienes method

Answer

Fontana method

Answer

Lavaditi method

Answer

No applicable method

Question 8

Which of the following is called Preisz-Nocard bacillus?

Accepted Answer

C. pseudotuberculosis

Answer

C. diphtheriae

Answer

M. tuberculosis

Answer

Mycoplasma

Question 9

ABO isoantibodies are of which class?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Answer

IgG

Answer

IgD

Answer

IgA

Question 10

Peripheral neuropathy as a side effect is caused by which of the following anticancer drugs?

Accepted Answer

Vincristine

Answer

Cyclophosphamide

Answer

Etoposide

Answer

Irinotecan

NEET-PG 2013

Community Medicine

ENT

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Pathology

Pharmacology