NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Bansdola is a form of strangulation by?

Sticks. ***Sticks*** - **Bansdola** is a specific term referring to a method of **strangulation using sticks** (typically bamboo). - This technique involves placing sticks on either side of the neck and twisting them together to occlude the airway and blood vessels. - The term comes from "bans" meaning bamboo in Hindi/Urdu. *Bend of elbow* - Strangulation by the **bend of the elbow** is not typically referred to as Bansdola. - This method would be a form of **manual strangulation** using a specific body part to compress the neck. *Hands* - Strangulation by **hands** is known as **manual strangulation** or **throttling**. - This involves direct compression of the neck structures using the fingers and thumbs, distinct from the stick-based method of Bansdola. *Ligature* - **Ligature strangulation** involves using a cord, rope, or other flexible material to constrict the neck. - While both methods use implements, the rigid nature of sticks in Bansdola differentiates it from flexible ligature materials.

Q: Poisoning with which of the following retards putrefaction:

Arsenic. ***Arsenic*** - **Arsenic** is a known **preservative** of tissues due to its ability to inhibit bacterial growth and enzyme activity, thereby retarding putrefaction. - In cases of arsenic poisoning, the decomposition of a body may be noticeably slower, and the tissues can appear unusually well-preserved. *Lead* - While **lead** is a heavy metal and can have toxic effects, it is not primarily known for its ability to significantly **retard putrefaction**. - Its toxic mechanisms do not involve direct inhibition of bacterial and enzymatic processes in a way that typically preserves tissues post-mortem. *Aluminium phosphide* - **Aluminium phosphide** is a highly toxic pesticide that can cause rapid death, but it does not have properties that actively **retard the process of putrefaction**. - Its mechanism of toxicity primarily involves the release of phosphine gas, which causes cellular damage, rather than tissue preservation. *Copper* - **Copper**, another heavy metal, has antimicrobial properties but is not recognized as an agent that significantly **retards putrefaction** in the same manner as arsenic. - Its acute and chronic toxic effects do not typically lead to the preservation of tissues after death.

Q: Rule of Hasse is used to determine:

Fetal age estimation. ***Fetal age estimation*** - **Rule of Hasse** is specifically used for estimating the **fetal age** in forensic cases involving remains of an unborn fetus. - It relates the crown-heel length of the fetus in centimeters to its age in lunar months (first 5 lunar months) or halves of lunar months (second 5 lunar months). *Adult height measurement* - Adult height is typically measured directly or estimated using long bone lengths, an entirely different set of methods from Hasse's Rule. - This rule is specific to the **developing fetus** and not applicable to adults. *Determination of ethnicity* - Ethnicity determination involves analyzing skeletal features, particularly of the skull and pelvis, and is not related to fetal length or age estimation. - Hasse's Rule provides an age estimate based on size, not ancestral origin. *General forensic identification* - While forensic identification is a broad field, Hasse's Rule is a very specific tool for **fetal age assessment**, not general adult identification. - General forensic identification involves techniques like DNA analysis, fingerprinting, and skeletal remains analysis for adults.

Q: Graze is a form of:

Abrasion. ***Abrasion*** - A graze is a superficial injury resulting from friction against a rough surface, which is the definition of an **abrasion**. - It involves the **epidermis** and possibly the superficial dermis, characterized by scraping or rubbing off the skin's surface. *Contusion* - A contusion, or **bruise**, involves damage to blood vessels beneath the skin but without a break in the skin's surface. - It presents as discoloration due to blood extravasation, rather than a scraping injury. *Incised wound* - An incised wound is a **clean-cut injury** caused by a sharp object, leading to smooth edges and often significant bleeding. - It typically goes deeper than an abrasion and is not characterized by the scraping motion associated with a graze. *Lacerated wound* - A lacerated wound is an **irregular, jagged tear** in the skin caused by a blunt force trauma, often involving crushing or stretching of tissues. - Unlike a graze, it involves a deep, irregular tear and is not caused by superficial friction.

Q: In a case of hanging, ligature mark is an example of:

Pressure abrasion. ***Pressure abrasion*** - A ligature mark in hanging is a classic example of a **pressure abrasion**, caused by the skin being rubbed or pressed against the ligature material. - This friction or pressure removes the superficial layers of the epidermis, creating a mark that reflects the shape and texture of the ligature. *Laceration* - A **laceration** is a tear in the skin caused by a forceful blunt impact, often characterized by irregular, jagged edges. - Ligature marks are typically superficial and linear, not deep tears into the tissue. *Burn* - A **burn** is tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation, leading to erythema, blistering, or charring. - While extreme friction could theoretically generate some heat, the primary mechanism of a ligature mark is mechanical pressure and friction, not thermal energy. *Contusion* - A **contusion**, or bruise, results from bleeding into the tissues due to blunt force trauma, without breaking the skin. - While there may be some underlying bruising associated with a ligature mark, the visible mark itself on the skin surface is an abrasion.

Q: Postmortem caloricity may be seen in all the following causes of death, except:

Barbiturates poisoning. ***Barbiturates poisoning*** - **Barbiturate poisoning** is a **CNS depressant** that typically leads to **hypothermia**, not postmortem caloricity, due to central nervous system depression and reduced metabolic rate. - The body's temperature tends to fall faster than normal after death in such cases. - Barbiturates suppress the thermoregulatory center and decrease metabolic activity. *Septicemia* - **Septicemia** often causes **hyperpyrexia** (high fever) ante-mortem due to systemic inflammation and infection. - This elevated core temperature can persist for a short period after death, resulting in **postmortem caloricity**. - The inflammatory response generates significant heat that remains temporarily post-death. *Strychnine poisoning* - **Strychnine poisoning** leads to severe **convulsions** and muscle rigidity due to inhibition of inhibitory neurotransmitters. - Sustained periods of intense muscle activity generate excessive **heat** ante-mortem, which is retained postmortem, causing caloricity. - The violent convulsions and opisthotonus posture produce marked heat generation. *Tetanus* - **Tetanus** is characterized by muscle spasms and rigidity caused by the **tetanospasmin toxin** blocking inhibitory signals. - The prolonged and intense **muscle contractions** before death generate a large amount of heat, contributing to postmortem caloricity. - Similar mechanism to strychnine but caused by bacterial toxin rather than plant alkaloid.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a part of a firearm?

Carburetor. ***Carburetor*** - A **carburetor** is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines and is not found in firearms. - Its function is to **vaporize fuel** and combine it with air before it enters the engine's cylinders. *Muzzle* - The **muzzle** is the front end of the barrel where the projectile exits. - It defines the **exit point** of the bullet from the firearm. *Bolt* - The **bolt** is a critical component in many firearms, which locks the cartridge in the chamber during firing. - It also aids in **extracting the spent casing** and loading a new round. *Extractor* - The **extractor** is a part of the bolt assembly that grasps the rim of a cartridge case. - Its primary function is to **pull the spent casing** out of the chamber after firing.

Q: Paltauf's hemorrhages are seen in:

Lungs. ***Lungs*** - **Paltauf's hemorrhages** (also called **Paltauf's spots**) are small, pinpoint **petechial hemorrhages** typically found in the **visceral pleura of the lungs**. - They are a **classic post-mortem finding in cases of drowning**, representing subpleural hemorrhages associated with **emphysema aquosum** (overinflation and rupture of alveoli). - These hemorrhages are pathognomonic of drowning and should not be confused with Tardieu spots seen in mechanical asphyxia. *Heart* - Hemorrhages in the heart typically refer to **myocardial hemorrhages** secondary to conditions like **myocardial infarction** or trauma. - These are distinct from Paltauf's hemorrhages, which are specifically pleural petechiae in drowning. *Liver* - Liver hemorrhages are usually associated with **trauma**, **ruptured hepatic adenoma**, or severe **coagulopathies**. - Such hemorrhages are not referred to as Paltauf's and have different etiologies. *Brain* - Brain hemorrhages, such as **subarachnoid**, **intracerebral**, or **epidural hematomas**, occur within or around the brain tissue. - While brain hemorrhages can be a cause of death, they are anatomically and phenotypically distinct from the pleural petechiae of Paltauf seen in drowning.

Q: Prognosis of schizophrenia is best, if:

Acute onset. ***Acute onset*** - An **acute onset** of schizophrenia is associated with a better prognosis, as it often indicates a more favorable response to treatment and less pervasive deterioration of daily functioning. - This typically suggests that the individual had a relatively intact baseline level of functioning before the emergence of psychotic symptoms. *Negative symptoms* - The presence of prominent **negative symptoms** (e.g., avolition, anhedonia, alogia) is usually associated with a poorer prognosis in schizophrenia. - Negative symptoms are generally harder to treat and often lead to greater functional impairment and disability. *Insidious onset* - An **insidious onset** of schizophrenia, where symptoms develop gradually over time, is typically linked to a poorer prognosis. - This often implies more severe and persistent neurodevelopmental abnormalities and a less robust response to interventions. *Family history is positive* - A **positive family history** of schizophrenia indicates a higher genetic predisposition but does not directly predict the individual's prognosis. - While genetics play a role in susceptibility, the course and outcome of the illness are influenced by many other factors, including symptom presentation and treatment adherence.

Question 1

True statement about vitamin K is?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K affects bone health by activating proteins that bind calcium

Answer

Vitamin K is needed for action of clotting factor 8

Answer

Vitamin K deficiency leads to DVT

Answer

Vitamin K is water soluble

Question 2

Bansdola is a form of strangulation by?

Accepted Answer

Sticks

Answer

Bend of elbow

Answer

Hands

Answer

Ligature

Question 3

Poisoning with which of the following retards putrefaction:

Accepted Answer

Arsenic

Answer

Lead

Answer

Aluminium phosphide

Answer

Copper

Question 4

Rule of Hasse is used to determine:

Accepted Answer

Fetal age estimation

Answer

Adult height measurement

Answer

Determination of ethnicity

Answer

General forensic identification

Question 5

Graze is a form of:

Accepted Answer

Abrasion

Answer

Contusion

Answer

Incised wound

Answer

Lacerated wound

Question 6

In a case of hanging, ligature mark is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Pressure abrasion

Answer

Laceration

Answer

Burn

Answer

Contusion

Question 7

Postmortem caloricity may be seen in all the following causes of death, except:

Accepted Answer

Barbiturates poisoning

Answer

Septicemia

Answer

Strychnine poisoning

Answer

Tetanus

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a part of a firearm?

Accepted Answer

Carburetor

Answer

Muzzle

Answer

Bolt

Answer

Extractor

Question 9

Paltauf's hemorrhages are seen in:

Accepted Answer

Lungs

Answer

Heart

Answer

Liver

Answer

Brain

Question 10

Prognosis of schizophrenia is best, if:

Accepted Answer

Acute onset

Answer

Negative symptoms

Answer

Insidious onset

Answer

Family history is positive

NEET-PG 2013

Biochemistry

Forensic Medicine

Psychiatry