NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: What is the average number of lobes in a human breast?

15. ***15*** - Historically, the human breast was described as containing **15 to 20 lobes**, each being a functionally distinct unit for milk production arranged radially around the nipple [1]. - This was the accepted anatomical teaching at the time of this examination. - **Note:** Modern imaging studies (MRI, ultrasound) have since shown that breasts typically contain **7-10 ductal systems/lobes** rather than 15-20, representing an important update to classical anatomy teaching. *5* - This number is too low and does not represent either the classical (15-20) or modern (7-10) understanding of breast lobe anatomy. - Insufficient to account for the complexity of the mammary ductal system. *10* - This represents the **upper range of modern anatomical understanding** (7-10 lobes based on current imaging studies). - While anatomically accurate by today's standards, the classical teaching referenced in this examination specified 15-20 lobes as average. *20* - Represents the **upper limit** of the classical range (15-20 lobes) [1]. - While within the historical normal range, **15 is considered the more typical average** in classical anatomy texts. - Modern research indicates this number significantly overestimates the actual lobe count.

Q: What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?

Paraaortic. ***Paraaortic*** - The **ovaries** develop embryologically in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys, and their lymphatic drainage follows the **ovarian vessels** (which arise from the aorta). - Lymph drains primarily to the **paraaortic (lumbar) lymph nodes** located along the **aorta** in the retroperitoneum at the level of L1-L2. - This is clinically important in ovarian cancer staging and treatment planning. *Deep inguinal* - The **deep inguinal lymph nodes** primarily drain the deep structures of the lower limb, perineum, and external genitalia. - They do not receive lymphatic drainage directly from the ovaries. *Superficial inguinal* - The **superficial inguinal lymph nodes** drain the skin of the lower abdomen, buttocks, perineum, external genitalia, and the superficial lower limb. - The ovaries are internal intra-abdominal organs and do not drain into these nodes. *Obturator* - The **obturator lymph nodes** are pelvic lymph nodes that primarily drain pelvic structures such as the bladder, uterine body, cervix, and upper vagina. - While adjacent to pelvic organs, they are not the primary drainage site for the ovaries, which drain superiorly along the ovarian vessels to the paraaortic nodes.

Q: The Great cerebral vein of Galen drains into which structure?

Straight sinus. ***Straight sinus*** - The **Great cerebral vein of Galen** is a major venous channel that collects blood from the deep cerebral veins, including the internal cerebral veins. - It empties directly into the **straight sinus**, which then joins the confluence of sinuses. *Cavernous sinus* - The **cavernous sinus** drains blood from the orbit, face, and temporal lobe, and it receives input from superficial cerebral veins, not the deep system of Galen. - It is located on either side of the **sella turcica** and is distinct from the drainage pathway of the Great cerebral vein. *Basal vein of Rosenthal* - The **basal vein of Rosenthal** is a tributary that drains into the Great cerebral vein of Galen, not a structure that Galen drains into. - It courses around the midbrain and receives blood from various deep structures, eventually contributing to the formation of the Great cerebral vein. *Internal cerebral vein* - The **internal cerebral veins** are tributaries that merge to form the Great cerebral vein of Galen; therefore, Galen does not drain into them. - These veins run within the tela choroidea of the third ventricle and collect blood from the thalamus, basal ganglia, and internal capsule.

Q: What is the remnant of the umbilical artery?

Medial umbilical ligament. ***Medial umbilical ligament*** - The **umbilical arteries** (paired structures) carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta during development [2]. - After birth, these arteries obliterate and persist as the **medial umbilical ligaments** (two in number, one on each side), extending from the internal iliac arteries to the umbilicus along the anterior abdominal wall. - The proximal portions of the umbilical arteries remain patent as the **superior vesical arteries**, which supply the bladder. *Ligamentum arteriosum* - This is the remnant of the **ductus arteriosus**, which shunted blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs [2]. - It connects the arch of the aorta to the pulmonary artery. *Ligament teres* - Also known as the **round ligament of the liver**, this is the remnant of the **fetal umbilical vein** (a single midline structure) [1]. - The umbilical vein carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus [1], [2]. *Ligamentum venosum* - This is the fibrous remnant of the **ductus venosus**, a shunt in fetal circulation that bypassed the liver by connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava [1]. - It is located deep within the liver, forming a fissure.

Q: The incudomalleolar joint is a?

Saddle joint. ***Saddle joint*** - The **incudomalleolar joint** is classified as a **saddle joint** (also called a **sellar joint**), which is a type of synovial joint. - It has reciprocally concave-convex articular surfaces that fit together like a rider on a saddle. - This joint allows **slight gliding movements** between the head of the malleus and the body of the incus during sound transmission. - Standard anatomy texts including **Gray's Anatomy** classify this as a saddle joint based on its structural characteristics. *Pivot joint* - A **pivot joint** allows rotation around a single axis, such as the **atlantoaxial joint** (atlas rotating around the dens of axis) or the **proximal radioulnar joint**. - While the ossicular chain as a whole undergoes rotatory movement during sound transmission, the **incudomalleolar joint itself** is not classified as a pivot joint anatomically. *Ellipsoid joint* - An **ellipsoid joint** (condyloid joint) allows movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) but restricts rotation. - Examples include the **radiocarpal joint** and **metacarpophalangeal joints** of the fingers. - The incudomalleolar joint has a different articular surface configuration. *Hinge joint* - A **hinge joint** permits movement primarily in one plane (flexion and extension), like a door hinge. - Examples include the **elbow joint**, **knee joint**, and **interphalangeal joints**. - This does not match the structural or functional characteristics of the incudomalleolar joint.

Q: What is the posterior relation of the neck of the pancreas?

Origin of portal vein. ***Origin of portal vein*** - The **neck of the pancreas** is intimately associated with the formation of the **hepatic portal vein** [1]. - The **superior mesenteric vein** and **splenic vein** unite behind the pancreatic neck to form the **hepatic portal vein** [1]. *IVC* - The **inferior vena cava (IVC)** lies posterior to the **head of the pancreas**, not the neck. - While it's in proximity, it does not directly relate to the neck in the same way the portal vein does. *Aorta* - The **abdominal aorta** lies posterior to the **body** and **tail of the pancreas**, further superior and to the left. - It is not a direct posterior relation of the pancreatic neck. *Common bile duct* - The **common bile duct** passes through a groove on the posterior surface of the pancreatic **head**, sometimes even embedded within it. - It is not a direct posterior relation of the pancreatic neck, which is a different segment.

Q: Inversion and eversion of foot occurs at which joint

Subtalar. ***Subtalar*** - The **subtalar joint** (talocalcaneal joint) is primarily responsible for **inversion** and **eversion** movements of the foot. - **Inversion** involves tilting the sole of the foot medially (turning inward), while **eversion** involves tilting the sole laterally (turning outward). - This joint allows the foot to **adapt to uneven surfaces** and plays a crucial role in the biomechanics of walking and running. - The subtalar joint is essential for shock absorption and balance during gait. *Ankle* - The **ankle joint** (talocrural joint) is a hinge joint primarily responsible for **dorsiflexion** and **plantarflexion** of the foot. - It allows moving the foot up and down but has minimal contribution to inversion and eversion. *Tarso-metatarsal* - The **tarso-metatarsal joints** (Lisfranc joints) connect the tarsal bones to the metatarsal bones. - These joints contribute primarily to the **stability and arch integrity** of the foot, with minimal movement capacity. - They allow slight gliding movements but not significant inversion or eversion. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the **subtalar joint** is indeed the primary joint responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot. - Understanding foot joint biomechanics is essential for diagnosing gait abnormalities, ankle sprains, and foot pathologies.

Q: Which are the segments of the upper lobe of the right lung?

Apical, anterior, posterior. ***Apical, anterior, posterior*** - The **right upper lobe** is consistently divided into three bronchopulmonary segments: **apical**, **anterior**, and **posterior** [1]. - These segments are named according to their anatomical position and the branching of the **tertiary bronchi** that supply them [1]. *Anterior, posterior, medial* - While **anterior** and **posterior** segments exist, the "medial" segment is not a standard division of the right upper lobe. - The term "medial" is typically associated with the **middle lobe** of the right lung (medial and lateral segments) [1]. *Lateral, medial, superior* - The segments **lateral** and **medial** are characteristic of the **right middle lobe** [1]. - "Superior" is a general directional term and not a specific segment name within the upper lobe in this context, although the apical segment is superiorly located. *Basal, medial, lateral* - **Basal** segments are found in the **lower lobes** of the lungs (e.g., anterior basal, medial basal, posterior basal, lateral basal). - **Medial** and **lateral** segments are typical of the **right middle lobe**, not the upper lobe [1].

Q: Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the right kidney?

11th rib. ***11th rib*** - The right kidney typically extends from the 12th thoracic vertebra to the 3rd lumbar vertebra, usually covered by the **12th rib**. - The **11th rib** is usually a posterior relation of the **left kidney**, due to the lower position of the right kidney compared to the left kidney. *Diaphragm* - The diaphragm lies **posterior** to both the right and left kidneys, separating them from the pleura and lungs. - This anatomical relationship means that renal procedures or severe kidney infections can sometimes affect the thoracic cavity. *Subcostal nerve* - The **subcostal nerve** (T12) runs inferior to the 12th rib and passes **posterior** to both kidneys. - It provides sensory innervation to the skin and motor innervation to abdominal muscles. *Ilioinguinal nerve* - The **ilioinguinal nerve** (L1) emerges from the lumbar plexus and travels **posterior** to the inferior pole of both kidneys [1]. - It primarily provides sensory innervation to the groin and parts of the external genitalia.

Q: Intercostal nerve is a branch of?

Ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves. ***Ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves*** - Intercostal nerves are direct continuations of the **ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves** (T1-T11) [1]. - These nerves run within the **intercostal spaces**, providing sensory and motor innervation to the thoracic wall [2]. *Brachial plexus* - The brachial plexus is formed by the **ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1**. - It primarily innervates the **upper limb**, not the intercostal spaces. *Dorsal rami of thoracic spinal nerves* - The dorsal rami of thoracic spinal nerves supply the **deep back muscles** and the skin over the back. - They do not contribute to the innervation of the intercostal spaces or the anterior/lateral thoracic wall. *Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves* - The ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves form the **cervical plexus (C1-C4)** and contribute to the **brachial plexus (C5-T1)**. - They innervate structures in the neck, diaphragm, and upper limb, but not the intercostal region.

Question 1

What is the average number of lobes in a human breast?

Accepted Answer

15

Answer

5

Answer

10

Answer

20

Question 2

What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?

Accepted Answer

Paraaortic

Answer

Deep inguinal

Answer

Superficial inguinal

Answer

Obturator

Question 3

The Great cerebral vein of Galen drains into which structure?

Accepted Answer

Straight sinus

Answer

Cavernous sinus

Answer

Basal vein of Rosenthal

Answer

Internal cerebral vein

Question 4

What is the remnant of the umbilical artery?

Accepted Answer

Medial umbilical ligament

Answer

Ligamentum arteriosum

Answer

Ligament teres

Answer

Ligamentum venosum

Question 5

The incudomalleolar joint is a?

Accepted Answer

Saddle joint

Answer

Pivot joint

Answer

Ellipsoid joint

Answer

Hinge joint

Question 6

What is the posterior relation of the neck of the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Origin of portal vein

Answer

IVC

Answer

Aorta

Answer

Common bile duct

Question 7

Inversion and eversion of foot occurs at which joint

Accepted Answer

Subtalar

Answer

Ankle

Answer

Tarso-metatarsal

Answer

None of the options

Question 8

Which are the segments of the upper lobe of the right lung?

Accepted Answer

Apical, anterior, posterior

Answer

Lateral, medial, superior

Answer

Basal, medial, lateral

Answer

Anterior, posterior, medial

Question 9

Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the right kidney?

Accepted Answer

11th rib

Answer

Subcostal nerve

Answer

Diaphragm

Answer

Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 10

Intercostal nerve is a branch of?

Accepted Answer

Ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves

Answer

Brachial plexus

Answer

Dorsal rami of thoracic spinal nerves

Answer

Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves